A Beginner's Guide to Mutual Funds in India(Published by Smruti Acharjya on 2023-08-15)
Background-theme
A Beginner's Guide to Mutual Funds in India
This beginner's guide covers the basics of mutual funds and offers tips for growing your wealth.

A Beginner Guide to Mutual Funds in India

Start your investment journey with the right information about mutual funds; the risk, the benefit, the types, and everything else.

Introduction:


Mutual funds are a popular investment option in India, offering a convenient way to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other assets. Whether you're new to investing or looking to diversify your existing portfolio, mutual funds can be a great option for growing your wealth over time. In this beginner's guide to mutual funds in India, we'll cover the basics of how mutual funds work, how to choose the right fund for your goals, and tips for growing your wealth through mutual fund investments.

How Mutual Funds Work

Before you start investing in mutual funds, it's important to understand how they work. In a mutual fund, a professional fund manager pools money from multiple investors and invests it in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets. As an investor, you own a share of the mutual fund, which gives you exposure to a diversified portfolio of assets without the need to select individual stocks or bonds yourself.

Types of Mutual Funds

There are many different types of mutual funds available in India, each with its own set of risks and potential rewards. Some of the most common types of mutual funds include:

  • Equity funds: Mutual funds that invest primarily in stocks
  • Debt funds: Mutual funds that invest primarily in bonds and other fixed-income securities. 
  • Balanced funds: Mutual funds that invest in a mix of stocks and bonds to balance risk and reward
  • Index funds: Mutual funds that track a specific market index, such as the Nifty 50 or BSE Sensex

How to Choose the Right Mutual Fund for Your Goals

When selecting a mutual fund to invest in, it's important to consider factors such as your investment goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon. Some key steps to choosing the right mutual fund for your goals include:

  • Setting clear investment goals and timelines
  • Considering your risk tolerance and investment horizon
  • Researching different mutual funds and their performance history
  • Evaluating factors such as fees, fund manager experience, and asset allocation

Tips for Growing Your Wealth Through Mutual Fund Investments

Once you've selected a mutual fund to invest in, it's important to stay focused on your long-term goals and follow a disciplined investment strategy. Some tips for growing your wealth through mutual fund investments include:

  • Investing regularly to take advantage of rupee cost averaging
  • Diversifying your portfolio across different types of mutual funds
  • Sticking to your investment strategy and avoiding emotional decisions based on market fluctuations
  • Regularly reviewing and adjusting your portfolio to stay on track

Learning the Jargon

Here is a list of commonly used terms when talking about mutual funds. You can use this as a glossary to look for any time you want to learn.

Term

Description

80C

Section under Income Tax Act defines exemptions for income tax.

AMC

Short form for Asset Management Company – the company that runs a mutual fund. Examples are HDFC Mutual Fund and ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund.

Annualized Returns

Returns you would make if investments were made for one year. If you invest for less than a year or more than a year, they are aggregated to one year.

Arbitrage Funds

Arbitrage Funds are particular types of mutual funds that invest in equity securities but at the same time take an equal and opposite position in derivatives of these equity securities. As a result, these funds effectively give returns similar to liquid funds, and risk is also identical. Also, these funds are taxed like equity funds, hence have Zero tax post one year.

Asset Allocation Funds

Process of allocating your funds across different assets. Assets are things like equity, debt, or gold. We can further classify an asset like equity into large cap, mid cap, or small cap.

AUM

Short form for Asset Under Management. The total fund a mutual fund scheme holds for investments.

Average Maturity

Weighted Average of maturity (years between today and the final payment date of debt security, at which point the principal is due to be paid) of all debt securities held by the fund.

Balanced Funds

Balanced Funds, also known as Hybrid Funds – Equity oriented invest in a mix of debt and equity.

Benchmark

Something you can compare your returns against. Typical benchmarks are Sensex and Nifty. But then there are many of them depending on the fund you consider.

Brokerage

The fees you pay to your broker for letting you buy and sell your investments.

Credit Rating

Independent rating agencies rate all debt issued by companies or governments based on the capacity to pay back. For example, AAA-rated debt is good. BB is not good.

Crisil

Crisil is a rating agency that rates mutual funds and company debts.

Debt Funds

Debt funds are mutual funds investing in debt instruments.

Direct Funds

Type of funds you do not buy from distributors. They are purchased directly from AMCs.

Dividend Schemes

Mutual fund schemes provide regular dividends to their investors instead of putting the profits back into equity or debt.

ELSS

Short for Equity Linked Savings Scheme. Also known as tax-saving funds – special mutual funds are exempt from tax under section 80C.

Equity Mutual Funds

Equity means the stock of a company. Buying equities is the same as buying stocks of a company. Equity Mutual Funds invest in stocks of publicly listed companies.

ETF

Short form for Exchange Traded Funds. ETFs are like mutual funds but traded on stock exchanges,; people can buy or sell them like stocks.

Exit Load

Exit load can be applied to specific schemes when selling a mutual fund. It can be as high as 1% for some projects.

Expense Ratio

Expressed as a percentage of your investment, this is the money you pay each year to the fund house for managing your money.

Face Value

Notional value of any security on which dividend, share capital, etc., are calculated. Not very important to make investment decisions

Fund Manager

Fund manager is a person who decides where to invest your money in the mutual fund. Therefore, the performance of a mutual fund largely depends on its fund Manager.

Fund of Funds

A fund that invests in a portfolio of other funds. Also known as multi-manager investment. Most global mutual funds are Fund of international funds.

Gilt Funds

Gilt Funds are mutual funds that invest only in government bonds (debt). Therefore, they are suitable for risk-averse and conservative investors who wish to invest indirectly in secure government bonds.

Gold Funds

Gold Funds are mutual funds that invest in various forms of gold. For example, it can be in the form of physical gold or stocks of gold mining companies.

Growth Plan

A growth plan means that any dividend the stocks may pay in the mutual fund will be reinvested for further growth.

Holdings

Holdings are the contents of an investment portfolio held by a mutual fund

Index Funds

An index fund is a type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a market index.

Investment Objective

This is the objective stated by the AMC for this mutual fund. AMC will operate this mutual fund in this manner only. But most of these objectives are very vague and hence don’t tell you much about the intent of the AMC.

KYC

Know Your Customer is a mandatory requirement by SEBI for declaring identity and address proof for investing

Large Cap Funds

Large Cap is a category of equity fund that invests mainly in companies with a large market capitalization of ~ 20,000 Cr or more.

Launch Date

It's the date on which a Mutual Fund is launched through New Fund Offer.

Liquid Funds

Liquid funds are such Mutual Funds that invest in money markets (FD etc.) with very short maturity and high credibility. Therefore these are almost zero-risk Mutual Funds.

Lock-in Period

This is the period from the date or investment for which the asset cannot be withdrawn. For example, tax-saving Mutual Funds have a lock-in of 3 years.

Long Term

A horizon of 5 years plus is considered long-term in most of the discussions.

Market cap

Market capitalization is the market value of a publicly traded company. It can be calculated by multiplying the number of shares by the current price.

Mean Returns

Mean returns are the arithmetic average of the returns earned by a fund over some time. It is also known as the expected returns of the Mutual Fund.

Mid Cap Funds

Mid Cap is a category of equity fund that invests mainly in mid-sized companies with a market capitalization of 5,000 Cr to 20,000 Cr.

Min Additional Investment

Min additional investment, as the name suggests, is the minimum amount of money you can invest if you already have an investment in the fund.

Min Investment

Min Investment is the minimum lump sum investment the fund accepts as a first-time investment.

Money Market Fund

The money market is the part of the financial market where highly liquid and concise term maturities are traded.

NAV

Net Asset Value. It is the value per share of a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund (ETF) on a specific date or time.

NFO

New Fund Offer. A new fund offer occurs when a mutual fund is launched, allowing the firm to raise capital for purchasing securities. Investors may purchase units of a closed-end mutual fund in an NFO.

Nifty

Nifty is a primary stock index in India introduced by the National stock exchange. The value of Nifty is the weighted Average of the importance of 50 selected stocks.

Nominee

The nominee is the person who receives the benefit in case of the death of the concerned person.

PAN

A permanent Account Number is a ten-character alpha-numeric code issued by the Income Tax department. PAN is mandatory for doing any financial transactions in India.

Portfolio

For an individual, a portfolio is a collection of financial investments held by the person. For a Mutual Fund, a portfolio is the fund's current holdings in various financial securities.

PSU

Public Sector Undertaking is state or union government-owned corporates.

Rating

Rating is the score given to a product after careful evaluation or assessment of securities based on multiple factors.

Redeem

Redeem means withdrawing the invested money by selling the mutual funds

Redemption

A redemption is an act of withdrawing invested money in a mutual fund

Regular Funds

Regular funds are funds bought through an intermediary like an advisor, broker, or distributor.

Returns

Return is a profit or loss on an investment. It is the change in value/principal amount.

Risk

Risk typically means uncertainty in investment. It is the deviation from the standard or the expected value.

Risk-Free Rate

A risk-free rate is a theoretical rate of return on an investment with no risk. We can use SBI 3-month FD rate as a proxy for the risk-free rate.

RTA

Registrar and Transfer Agent is an agency appointed by a mutual fund to handle the allocation/ redemption of mutual fund units.

Sector Allocation

Split of holding of mutual funds in various sectors like Financial Services, IT, etc.

Sector Funds

A fund that invests only in businesses that operate in a particular sector or industry. Because the funds belong to the same sector, such funds are not diversified.

Sensex

It is an indication of an overall stock market. It is essentially a figure which indicates the relative price of 30 companies weighted on free-float market capitalization. The base year of Sensex is FY 1979, and the base value of 100

Sharpe Ratio

It's defined as Mean Returns earned more than the risk-free rate per unit of risk (Std Dev). So it’s a measure of risk-adjusted returns. Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe developed it.

Short Term

Short-term is less than 12 months.

SID

A scheme Information Document (SID) provides all information about a mutual fund. It’s generally a 50+ page document explaining everything. In some cases, mutual fund issue a combined SID for a whole category.

SIP

Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is a way of regularly investing money in mutual funds. The most famous frequency is monthly.

SIP Minimum

This is the minimum investment amount you need to invest every month (SIP) in this mutual fund. Mutual funds decide this.

Small Cap Funds

Small cap is a category of companies with a market cap less than Rs. 3,000 Cr. Mutual funds primarily investing in small-cap companies are categorized as Small Cap Funds.

Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation (represented by the Greek letter sigma σ) is a measure used to quantify the amount of variation of returns from mean returns.

STP

A systematic Transfer Plan (STP) is a combination of a Systematic Withdrawl Plan (SWP) and a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP). This money is redeemed regularly from one fund invested in another at the same time. It only works in the same AMC funds.

SWP

A systematic Withdrawl Plan is the opposite of a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP). In this, money is redeemed from a fund at regular intervals.

Ultra Short-Term Funds

Ultra Short Term is a type of Debt Mutual Fund that invests in debt securities with an Average Maturity of less than one year.

UTR

Unique Transaction Reference (UTR) No. It is provided by the bank when you do an NEFT or RTGS transaction.

XIRR

XIRR is a modified form IRR (Internal Rate of Return) that help calculate overall returns when the number of transaction (Invest or Redeem) is more than two and at irregular intervals. Therefore, the only way to measure the returns if you are doing a SIP or multiple transactions in a single fund is XIRR.

Suspended Fund

Mutual Funds that stop taking new investments via SIP or Lumpsum are considered Suspended Funds, like DSP BR Micro Cap.

Units

Units specify the extent of ownership one possesses in a mutual fund

Folio

Folio is a grouping of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, etc.

YTM

Average interest rate to be earned by an investor at today’s market price, assuming that all debt securities (bond, loan, etc.) will be held until maturity

Modified Duration

It is the sensitivity of debt securities to the interest rate. For example, if the Modified Duration is one and the interest rate increases by 1%, the value of the debt securities will reduce by 1%.

IFSC Code

Short for Indian Financial Code System used to identify the particular branch of a bank for electronic funds settlement in India like NEFT and RTGS

Biller

Biller is someone or something that processes bills and payments

ISIP

Internet-based Systematic Investment Plan(SIP), which is an entirely paperless way of setting up a SIP

Stocks

Stocks are ownership certificates of any company

Shares

Shares are the stock certificates of any company

Bonds

It is a debt instrument in which the investor lends some money to an entity that borrows the funds for a defined period at a variable or fixed interest rate.

Open-ended Funds

A type of mutual fund that does not have a limitation on the number of shares that it can issue

Closed-ended Funds

It is like a mutual fund that raises a fixed amount of capital through an initial public offering and is traded like a stock on the stock exchange.

Global Funds

A type of mutual fund invests in companies located anywhere in the world.

Min Withdrawl

The required minimum distribution is the minimum amount that should be withdrawn from your account annually.

KIM

Short for Key Information Memorandum, which is another form of scheme information document, for the investors by mentioning the critical sections of the offer document

Indexation

It is a technique to adjust income payments using a price index, which is used to maintain the purchasing power of investors after inflation.

Income Funds

Income funds are mutual funds, ETFs, or any other type used to generate income for shareholders by investing in securities that offer dividends or interest payments.

Government Securities

It is a bond issued by the government authority, with repayment upon maturity.

Securities

Security is a financial instrument that represents some monetary value

Floating Rate

A floating rate is an interest rate that shifts up and down along the rest of the market or is based on an index.

Equity Schemes

A mutual fund that invests mainly in stocks is called an equity scheme/funds

AMFI

The Association of Mutual Funds in India is an industry standards organization.

SEBI

The Securities and Exchange Board of India is the regulator of the securities market in India.


 

Conclusion:

Mutual funds can be a powerful tool for growing your wealth over time, offering a convenient way to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other assets. By following the tips outlined in this beginner's guide to mutual funds in India, you can start building a successful investment strategy that aligns with your goals and helps you grow your wealth over time.

You may also like